Journal

EN
23/06/16 • Essay : Maria Bordorff

Den arbejdende kunstner / The Working Artist

EN
23/06/16 • Essay : Maria Bordorff

Den arbejdende kunstner / The Working Artist

CAS is happy to present this essay on the relationship between art and labour by Maria Bordorff in both its original Danish version and in an English translation. Please scroll down for English.

Relationen mellem kunst og arbejde er et varmt emne, og hvorvidt kunstneren er en arbejder er et aktuelt diskussionsemne blandt flere af kunstens aktører og teoretikere. Men man kan savne en tilgang til emnet, som ikke baserer sig på enten-eller, som giver plads til kompleksiteten i den nutidige kunstpraksis, hvad angår dens ambivalente mellemværende med kapitalismen. For er der ikke aspekter af kunstpraksissen i dag, som til forveksling ligner arbejderens? Og er den romantiske forestilling om kunstnerens økonomiske apati problematisk, hvad angår udviklingen af prekære leve- og arbejdsforhold inden for det kunstfaglige felt?

 

What People Do For Money – Some Joint Ventures er titlen på den 11. udgave af Manifesta, som åbnede forrige uge i den schweiziske by Zurich Manifesta 11 further uionsdstadürich. Biennalen, som i år runder sit tyvende år, bevæger sig nomadisk over Europa og slår ned i forskellige byer på afstand af de dominerende kulturelle epicentre som Berlin, London og Paris. I år er det finansbyen Zürich, der er udpeget som location, og kurator på biennalen, billedkunstner Christian Jankowski, har til den ene udstillingsdel ladet de 30 inviterede kunstnere arbejde sammen med lokale professionelle fra et bredt spektrum af brancher om at producere nye værker. Dette i en perspektiveren af relationen mellem kunstpraksis og arbejde (hvad man på engelsk lidt lettere kan skelne mellem som artistic work og labour).

 

Uden at åbne Manifesta 11 yderligere op, så fremstår det kuratoriske greb først og fremmest som en karikatur af polariseringen mellem kunstneren og den “almindelige arbejder”. Over for hinanden stod de i lang tid listet i kolonner på biennalens hjemmeside; kunstnerne med nationalitet og fødedato (som det jo er kutymen inden for kunsten) over for deres hosts (som de lokale arbejdere benævnes) med profession og arbejdsplads. Man fik næsten følelsen af, at for hver lønarbejder findes en kunstner, at verden udligner sig et sted imellem de to kategorier.

 

Men som titlen indikerer, bliver parterne til enheder, til en art midlertidige joint venture-produktionsselskaber. Nu er de portrætterede sammen, kunstnerne og deres lokale parter i Zürich, og polariseringen både opløser sig og består. Møderne tydeliggør givetvis, at kunstneren og arbejderen har en hel del tilfælles, men forskellen vil ikke kunne lade sig nedbryde. Hvorfor egentlig ikke? Hvori består forskellen mellem kunstneren og den “almindelige arbejder”?

 

Her bevæger man sig i den velkendte gråzone af definitioner, hvor det at brænde for noget, føle sig kaldet til noget, hvor det at skabe og være inspireret i sin hverdag, føle at man gør en forskel naturligvis hører sig til på begge sider. Alligevel skelnes der utvivlsomt mellem kunstneren og alle andre i en dikotomi, der fæstnede sig med 1960ernes afstandstagen til arbejdet og kritikken af det, man betragtede som en – af kapitalismen – kolonialiseret hverdag, hvor arbejderne var slaver i et større produktionshele og kunsten en måde at gøre sig fri på.

 

Det oplagte svar er, at det handler om penge — at forskellen mellem kunstneren og den “almindelige arbejder” består i deres respektive forhold til penge. Det er også konklusionen i den klumme, som tidligere rektor på Det Jyske Kunstakademi, Jesper Rasmussen, skrev til det danske nettidsskrift Kunsten.nu i forbindelse med arbejdernes kampdag, 1. maj, i år, hvor han med titlen spørger: Er kunstneren en arbejder? Rasmussen skriver:

 

“Der er forskel på arbejde. Kunstnerisk arbejde falder umiddelbart uden for denne gængse kategori af arbejde, for det kan sjældent betale sig, men kunstnerne udfører det alligevel, for det forsyner kunstneren med en særlig tilfredsstillelse og værdi at gøre det. Jeg ynder gerne at sige, at de fleste mennesker går på arbejde for at tjene penge, mens de fleste kunstnere forsøger at skaffe penge for at arbejde.”

 

Og længere nede i klummen:

 

“Kunstneren reagerer hel modsat på arbejdsmarkedets konjunkturer end alle andre. Kunstneren søger det kvalitetsfyldte arbejde, der i sig selv giver mening, uanset om det også lønner sig økonomisk.”

 

Kunstneren kan altså, i Rasmussens øjne, ikke betragtes som en arbejder i almindelig forstand, da kunstneren sætter mening og kvalitet over indtægt. Skal man være retorisk, defineres den almindelige lønarbejder dermed som en, der ikke gør det. Det er desuden en udbredt tilgang, man møder fra tid til anden, når man tillader sig at råbe op over et udeblevet honorar, for eksempel i form af: “du skal være glad for, at du i det mindste får lov til at lave noget, du kan lide.” Det er et besynderligt argument for, at det er i orden, at honoraret udebliver. Indirekte antydes det, at man ikke bør forvente at blive honoreret for noget, fordi det at gøre det er tilfredsstillende i sig selv.

 

Selvom Rasmussen jo har ret, når han skriver, at det for kunstneren først og fremmest er vigtigt at kunne producere sin kunst, og at kunstneren ikke er en arbejder i almindelig forstand, fordi det ikke handler om at tjene penge, så er spørgsmålet om relationen mellem kunstpraksis og arbejde alligevel mere nuanceret. Tilmed er en tilgang til kunstneren som økonomisk apatisk potentielt problematisk i et perspektiv, der rækker langt ud over kunstbranchen. Man savner en tilgang til emnet, som ikke består i enten eller, som komplicerer den romantiske antikapitalisme – hvor kunstneren tænker og formgiver alternativer til kapitalismen – for er der ikke aspekter af den nutidige kunstpraksis, som til forveksling ligner arbejderens?

From Kevin Malcolm's performance 'Work Book' during Alt_Cph 2015, where visitors could attend a short internship with Malcolm. The internship consisted of assembling a book with texts about art and labour.

Filosof og performanceteoretiker Bojana Kunst udgav sidste år bogen Artist at Work – Proximity of Art and Capitalism, hvor hun i en samling af ældre og nye essays omkringkommer kompleksiteten i den nutidige kunstpraksis, hvad angår dens ambivalente mellemværende med kapitalismen. Hun påpeger, hvordan der til driften af professionel kunstpraksis i dag knytter sig gøremål, som er beslægtede med de post-fordistiske måder at arbejde på. Sådanne gøremål består i daglige e-mailkorrespondancer, afholdelse af møder, logistisk planlægning, skrivning af ansøgninger, afstemning af skatteregnskab, forberedelse af talks, opdatering af CV og hjemmeside, og listen er velkendt og lang — aktiviteter som de fleste, der beskæftiger sig med kunst, ganske sikkert bruger en god del af døgnets fireogtyve timer på. Dertil kommer det avancerede brandingarbejde, en kunstner må være mere eller mindre specialist ud i. Sirlige bevægelser rundt på forskellige medieplatforme og i ferniseringssammenhænge. Det kræver sine sociale kompetencer at agere med rette præcision på et fagfelt præget af præstation og konkurrence.

 

Den nutidige kunstpraksis er med andre ord et svulmende apparat af kommunikativt og relationelt arbejde nødvendiggjort af den gennemtrængende institutionalisering af kunsten. Den introverte kunstners tid er længe forbi. Det forventes, at en kunstner er aktiv og synlig — der går ikke lang tid, før inaktivitet bliver til hendøende praksis, som ingen rigtig ved, hvordan de skal forholde sig til – sat lidt firskåret op. At en kunstner skulle reagere helt modsat på arbejdsmarkedets konjunkturer end alle andre, kan altså ikke være i overensstemmelse med virkeligheden. En kunstner er selvsagt ikke et afgrænset fænomen, og kunstbranchen er i høj grad også præget af tidens imperativer, krav og accelererede taktslag.
På trods af at kunsten ikke længere kan siges at have en isoleret plads i kulturen, men forgrener sig ind og ud af samfundets funktioner, synes der alligevel at være en vis vægring mod at kalde kunstneren for en arbejder — i alle fald hvis det beslægter kunstneren med den voksende gruppe af kreative entreprenører. Selvom meget indikerer en mutation af kunstpraksissen i retning af mindre eksklusivitet og gradvis normalisering – mere lighed med en post-fordistisk kernearbejdertype som freelanceren – eksisterer de sene avantgarders ideal om kunsten som autonom, antikapitalistisk praksis stadig.

 

Når det kommer til kunstnerens arbejdsvilkår, er der en venligere stemning over for brugen af arbejdsterminologien. Næppe er der mange blandt kunstens aktører, der mener, at kunstnere ikke skal honoreres for deres arbejde. Problematikken omkring manglende honorering af kunstnere er uhyre aktuel verden over, med aktivistgrupper som amerikanske W.A.G.E. (Working Artists and the Greater Economy) som eksempel på, hvordan der kæmpes for at komme den strukturelle brug af gratisarbejde inden for kunsten til livs. Realiteten er, at kunstneren ikke er ligeglad med penge, og det har kunstneren al mulig god grund til ikke at være. Foruden selv at skulle leve og være i stand til at agere som kunstner, er prekæriteten blandt det stigende antal selvstændige verden over en bekymrende udvikling.

 

For at vende tilbage til Bojana Kunst, så påpegede hun og kollegaen, politisk teoretiker Isabell Lorey, under et besøg i København sidste efterår, at den bredere skare af kunst-og kulturproducenter – herunder også kunstnerne – er i færd med at underminere arbejdsvilkårene i et perspektiv, der rækker langt ud over den kulturfaglige branche, når de for eksempel accepterer at arbejde ulønnet eller til en betaling, der knap dækker deres udgifter. Kunstnerens villighed til selvprekærisering bidrager med andre ord til den strukturelle prekæritet, der griber om sig med uhyre hast med lovning om frihed og autenticitet som drivkraft. Det er neoliberalismens trumf, at den har skabt en rollemodel ud af kunstneren, og at kunstneren ikke formår at vriste sig fri af den funktion. Kunstneren er i den sammenhæng lidt af en darling, en prototype på den ideelle arbejdskraft; tænk hvis man kunne få andre til at arbejde dag og nat for en følelse af tilfredsstillelse. Det er vist overflødigt at påpege, at den model allerede spreder sig til andre brancher end kunsten.

 

Titlen på Manifesta 11, What People Do For Money, er af kritikere blevet erstattet med What People Do For No Money. Det skyldes en eftersigende udbredt, struktureret brug af gratisarbejde på biennalen. Næppe kan det siges at være en avanceret kuratorisk måde at illustrere, hvor villige aktører i kunstbranchen er til at arbejde gratis – det er den ærgerlige virkelighed, at mange af kunstens institutioner ikke eller kun i begrænset omfang lønner sine folk. Ligeså ærgerlig en virkelighed er det, at der altså i vid udstrækning takkes ja til at arbejde ulønnet, hvad enten det skyldes konkurrencen i kunstbranchen eller, som Rasmussen skriver, drejer sig om særlig tilfredsstillelse og værdi. Ikke at sidstnævnte i sig selv er et problem, omvendt er det jo essensen i forestillingen om det frie, kreativt skabende menneske, som der drømtes om i opgøret med hverdagen og det sjæleløse industriarbejde i 1960erne. I samkvem med neoliberalismen bliver den drøm dog til et sandt mareridt af prekæriserede individer en masse uden ressourcer, rettigheder eller handlemulighed i et gennemprivatiseret samfund. Vi ser allerede begyndelsen derpå. Det er ikke svært at forestille sig, hvordan kunstscenen i en sådan verden ser ud.

 

Manøvren er måske at finde nye idealer for kunstpraksissen, som ikke udelukkende består i romantisk antikapitalisme, såfremt denne er med til at understøtte tendensen til selvprekærisering — måder at bevare kunstens kritiske potentiale, selvom kunstpraksissen muterer i retning af det bredere kulturelle arbejdsfællesskab. Kunstneren er måske ikke en arbejder i begrebets almindelige forstand, men at kunstneren også arbejder er en realitet, og at kunstneren må honoreres for sit virke er en nødvendighed.

Guy Debord - Ne travaillez jamais, 1963 (on a wall on Rue de Seine)

***

ENGLISH VERSION

 

 

The relationship between art and labour is a hot topic, wherein one current discussion among art professionals and theorists regards whether, or to what extent, the artist is a worker. However in this dichotomy, one can too easily overlook an approach to the subject that is not based on an either-or stance, one that allows for the complexity of contemporary artistic practice in terms of its ambivalent relationships with capitalism. For are there not aspects of artistic practice today that are confusingly similar to the worker’s? And is the romantic notion of the artist’s economic apathy problematic in terms of the development of precarious living and working conditions in the art field?

 

What People Do For Money – Some Joint Ventures is the title of the 11th edition of Manifesta, which opened last week in Zurich, Switzerland. The biennial, which this year rounds its twentieth year, moves nomadically around Europe and is held in different cities at a distance from the dominant cultural epicentres such as Berlin, London and Paris. This year’s designated location is the financial city of Zurich, and the curator of the biennial, artist Christian Jankowski, has for one part of the exhibition coupled the 30 invited artists with local professionals from a broad spectrum of industries to produce new works. Collectively, these actions put into perspective the relationship between artistic work and labour.

 

Without going too much into Manifesta 11, one could ask if the curatorial choice primarily could be understood as a caricature of the polarisation between the artist and the “ordinary worker”? On the biennial’s website, artists and workers stood listed next to each other in columns for a long time; the artists with nationality and birth date (as is the custom in the art field) next to their hosts (as the local workers are called) with profession and workplace. One could almost get the feeling that for every wage earner there exists an artist, and that the world evens itself out somewhere between the two categories.

 

But as the title indicates, the two parties become units, some kind of temporary joint-venture production companies. Now they are portrayed together, the artists and their local partners in Zurich, and the polarisation both dissolves and coheres. The meetings certainly clarify that the artist and the worker have a lot in common, but the difference will not be possible to break down. Why not actually? What comprises the difference between the artist and the “ordinary worker”?

 

Here we are moving into the familiar grey area of semantics, where the feeling of burning for something, feeling called to something, where the act of creation and inspiration in one’s daily life, to feel that one can make a difference, of course belong to both sides. Yet there is undoubtedly a distinction between the artist and everyone else in a dichotomy that was established in the 1960’s with the distancing of labour, and the criticism of what one regarded – by capitalism – as the colonized everyday life. In the latter view the labourers were considered slaves in a larger production cycle, and art a way to liberate oneself from this.

 

The obvious answer is that it’s about money – that the difference between the artist and the “ordinary worker” is inherently their relationship to money. This is also the conclusion reached in an article by the former principal of the Jutland Art Academy, Jesper Rasmussen. In an article published this year in the Danish online journal Kunsten.nu, written in connection to Labour Day, May 1, Rasmussen uses the title to pose the question: Is the artist a worker? Rasmussen writes:

 

“There are differences in work. Artistic work falls immediately outside the common category of labour, because it rarely pays off, but the artists do it anyway, because it provides the artist with a special satisfaction and there is value in doing it. I like to say that most people go to work to earn money while most artists try to raise money to work.”

 

And further in the article, he states:

 

“The artist reacts in a totally opposite manner to the work market’s behavioural patterns. The artist seeks the quality-filled work that in itself makes sense, whether it pays off financially or not.”

 

The artist can then, in Rasmussen’s eyes, not be considered as a worker in the usual sense, as the artist regards meaning and quality over income. Should one be rhetorical, one could say that the ordinary wage earner then would be defined as one that does not. A common response one also meets from time to time, when an artist is to be heard complaining about the absence of fees, can for example take the form of: “you should be happy that you at least get to do something you like.” This is a curious argument to justify not paying a fee. Indirectly, it is suggested that an artist should not expect to be paid for their work, because the act of doing it is satisfying in itself.

 

Though Rasmussen is right when he writes that for the artist it is first and foremost important to be able to produce artwork, and that the artist is not a labourer in the usual sense because the focus of the work is not making money, the question about the relation between artistic practices and labour is more nuanced. Additionally, the common perception of the artist as economically apathetic is potentially problematic in a perspective that goes far beyond the art industry. One is missing an approach to the subject, which does not consist of either-or, and which is able to complicate the romantic anti-capitalistic view in which the artist thinks and designs alternatives to capitalism. For are there not aspects of contemporary artistic practice that are confusingly similar to the worker’s?

From Kevin Malcolm's performance 'Work Book' during Alt_Cph 2015, where visitors could attend a short internship with Malcolm. The internship consisted of assembling a book with texts about art and labour.

Last year, the philosopher and performance theorist Bojana Kunst released the book Artist at Work – Proximity of Art and Capitalism, where she considers the complexity of contemporary artistic practice in terms of its ambivalent relationships with capitalism. She points out that several of the chores that are connected to running a professional artistic practice today are related to post-fordist ways of working. Such chores consist of daily e-mail correspondences, meetings, logistical planning, writing applications, consolidation of tax accounting, preparation of talks, updating one’s CV and website – the list is well-known and long – activities on which most people who work in the arts surely spend a good part of the day’s hours. In addition, the advanced branding work is often a necessary requirement of today’s artists. Neat movements across different media platforms and in opening contexts are expected. It takes a high level of social skills to act with the correct precision in a professional field that is characterised by achievement and competition.

 

In other words, the contemporary artistic practice is a swelling apparatus of communicative and relational work necessitated by the pervasive institutionalisation of art. The time of the introverted artist is long gone. It is expected that an artist is active and visible – it does not take long before inactivity becomes a dying practice that nobody really knows how to relate to – to put it bluntly. Therefore, the idea that an artist should react in a completely opposite manner to the market’s behavioural patterns does not match with the reality of current artistic practice. An artist is of course not a limited phenomenon, and the art industry is also greatly influenced by the time’s imperatives, demands and accelerated rhythm.

 

Despite the fact that art can no longer be said to have an isolated place in our culture, but rather branches into and out of society’s functions, there seems to still exist a certain unwillingness to call the artist a worker – at least if it relates the artist to the growing group of creative entrepreneurs. Although many signs indicate a mutation of artistic practice towards less exclusivity and gradual normalisation – a closer similarity to a core post-fordist type of work like the freelancer – the late avant-garde ideals of art as an autonomous, anti-capitalistic practice still exists.

 

When it comes to artists’ working conditions there is a friendlier mentality towards the use of the terminologies of labour. It’s unlikely that there is anyone in the art field who believes that artists should not be rewarded for their work. The issue of the lack of remuneration for artists is extremely relevant worldwide, with activist groups such as the American group W.A.G.E. (Working Artists and the Greater Economy) serving as an example of how to fight against the structural use of free labour in the arts. The reality is that artists are not indifferent about money. In addition to artists’ ability to live and act as artists, the precariousness among the growing number of self-employed people worldwide is a worrying development.

 

To return to Bojana Kunst, during a visit in Copenhagen last fall she pointed out together with her colleague political theorist Isabell Lorey, that the broader range of artistic and cultural producers – including artists – is about to undermine working conditions in a perspective that goes far beyond the professional culture industry when they, for example, agree to work without pay or for a payment that barely covers their expenses. The artist’s willingness towards self-precariousness thus contributes to the structural precariousness that is spreading with enormous speed, with the promise of freedom and authenticity as a driving force. It is neoliberalism’s trump that it has created a role model of the artist, and that the artist does not manage to break free of this function. In this context, the artist is quite a darling, a prototype of the ideal labour force. Imagine if one could get others to work day and night, for a return of only a sense of satisfaction. It should be needless to say that the model has already spread to industries other than the arts.

 

The title of Manifesta 11, What People Do For Money, has been replaced by critics with What People Do For No Money. This is due to a reportedly widespread and structured use of unpaid labour at the biennial. It can hardly be said to be an advanced curatorial way to illustrate how willing players in the art field are to work for free. It is the vexing reality that many art institutions do not, or only to a limited extent, pay their people. Equally as vexing a reality is the widespread acceptance of working for free, whether it’s due to the competition in the art field, or, as Rasmussen writes, a special satisfaction and value. Not that the latter in itself is a problem. Conversely, it is the essence of the notion of the free, creative and creating person, which was dreamt about in the 1960’s confrontation with the everyday and the soullessness of industrial labour. In relation to neoliberalism, this dream becomes a nightmare of precarious individuals en masse, without resources, rights or opportunities to act in a completely privatised society. We are already beginning to see this, and it is not difficult to imagine how the art scene will look in such a world.

 

A manoeuvre towards a solution may be to find new ideals for artistic practice, which do not consist exclusively of romantic anti-capitalism, if the latter helps to support the tendency of self-precariousness – ways to preserve art’s critical potential, even though the artistic practice mutates in a direction of a broader cultural labour community. The artist may not be a labourer in the concept’s common meaning, but the fact that the artist also works is a reality, and that artists must be paid for their work is a necessity.

Guy Debord and J.V. Martin, Abolition du Travail Aliene, 1963